IDENTIFICAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DA DIVERSIDADE DOS TIPOS DE EXPLORAÇÃO DO AMBIENTE NA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL

Resumo

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir algumas idéias comumente aceitas sobre as frentes pioneiras amazônicas. A expansão das pastagens é, geralmente, considerada conseqüência de lógicas predominantemente econômicas de exploração e da baixa fertilidade dos solos, que levam à concentração fundiária e à rápida degradação do meio ambiente. Este artigo mostra a importância de valorizar a diversidade do meio biofísico por meio da avaliação de impactos sobre os solos submetidos a diferentes escolhas tecnológicas, bem como da caracterização das lógicas socioeconômicas que levam aos resultados identificados. Uma intensificação positiva da relação entre o meio ambiente e os agricultores familiares é possível e, em alguns casos, se verifica. As instituições de formação e capacitação das quais os autores participam visam difundir essas "inovações discretas".

Termos para indexação: sistemas agrícolas, agronomia.

IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF THE DIVERSITY OF
THE ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON
ABSTRACT

This paper aims to modify some ideas about frontier development in the Amazon region. Modelling the development of frontiers first colonised by family farmers, many authors show that poor soil, colonisation policies, and economic logic leads to rapid development of extensive cattle ranching and thus the need for more pasture land, which leads in turn to deforestation, migration of family farmers and concentration of the land in the hands of a few landowners. This paper addresses the conditions for the sustainability of family agriculture in an Amazonian frontier, by considering the diversity of its biophysical environments and the socioeconomic characteristics and skills of the populations living from its natural resources. Our aim is to look for experiences that cannot be identified by a global analysis but that could, with support, constitute other ways to imagine use of the frontier lands. These different uses are what we call discrete innovations. We show that the soil fertility trends result, above all, from the logic of farmers who decide not to take the diversity of the environment into account in their land management. This diversity must be considered in any future analysis of the sustainability of agricultural activity, and we try to find ways to ensure both. The history of family farmers is important in explaining why they have not tried to restore the soil. Although their migrations and the rapid development of cattle ranching can be seen as due to the political and economical context, we argue that this adaptation must be understood as a consequence of the family reproduction strategies of the Brazilian peasants. At the same time, we find that their technical knowledge depends on their personal history and that the diversity of their skills and practices affects the management of the vegetation cover. We also identify innovations conceived by farmers who sought to use the diversity of the environment to make their lives and living more stable; these are innovations that can be generalised.

Index terms: farming systems, agronomy.

IDENTIFICATION ET ÉVALUATION DE LA DIVERSITÉ DES MODES D'EXPLOITATION DES MILIEUX EN AMAZONIE ORIENTALE
RÉSUMÉ

Ce papier vise à nuancer certaines idées reçues sur les fronts pionniers amazoniens. L'extension des pâturages est généralement vue comme la conséquence de logiques économiques et de la faible fertilité des sols, conduisant à la concentration foncière et à une rapide dégradation de l'environnement. Cet article montre l'importance de la valorisation de la diversité du milieu à travers l'évaluation des impacts sur les sols de différents itinéraires techniques et la mise au jour des logiques socio-économiques menant aux différents résultats identifiés. Une intensification positive pour l'environnement et les agriculteurs familiaux est possible – et se met parfois en place. C'est à la généralisation de ces innovations discrètes que visent les structures de formation dans lesquelles nous sommes insérés.

Termes d'indexation: systèmes agraires, agronomie.